ostoyae genet was approximately 3810 m, and use of three estimates of A. The maximum distance between isolates from the 965-ha A. Armillaria ostoyae genet sizes were approximately 20, 95, 195, 260, and 965 ha cumulative colonization of the study area was at least 9.5%. ostoyae and one of NABS X were identified through the use of somatic incompatibility pairings among the putatively diploid isolates. Armillaria spe- cies identifications done by using a polymerase chain reaction based diagnostic and diploid-diploid pairings produced identical results: 108 of the isolates were Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and four were North American Biologi- cal Species X (NABS X). Sampling of recently dead or live, symptomatic conifers produced 112 isolates of Armillaria from six tree species. The coarse-scale population structure of pathogenic Armillaria (Fr.) Staude species was determined on ap- proximately 16 100 ha of relatively dry, mixed-conifer forest in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Cell turnover is hypothesized to be the main underlying mechanism producing sponge-derived detritus, a major trophic resource transferred through sponges in benthic ecosystems, such as coral reefs. We have demonstrated that under steady-state conditions, cell turnover through cell proliferation and cell shedding are common processes to maintain tissue homeostasis in a variety of sponge species from different ecosystems. Detritus production could not be directly linked to cell shedding due to the degraded nature of expelled cellular debris. The amount of shed cells observed in histological sections may be related to differences in residence time of detritus within canals.
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